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For professionals

For doctors and therapists

I practice neurofeedback and biofeedback in Neuchâtel, alongside your care, with adults, adolescents and children from age 2. Your patient books their first consultation themselves, or you write to me directly.

The desk of the first consultation, at the practice in Neuchâtel

Referring a patient

Your patient books their own first consultation, one hour at the practice, on the page Book an appointment. I see patients every day, including weekends and evenings, in the kuia building at Rue du Puits-Godet 8, Neuchâtel. Home sessions in Zurich are possible on request.

At every session I record the signals we train and adjust the training plan from those data. On request, and with your patient's consent, I send you a short report.

Recognized by ASCA and RME: reimbursement possible through supplementary insurance, depending on the policy. When an insurer requires a prescription, it reads "Biofeedback, RME method 37". The Insurance page shows which insurers require it.

Qualifications and registers

PhD

PhD in systems biology. Fifteen years of academic and industry research, including startups, in the United States and in Europe. Publications on ORCID.

I-NFBF

Trained in neurofeedback and biofeedback at the Institute for Neurofeedback and Biofeedback AG.

ISNR member 2026

Member of the ISNR (International Society for Neuroregulation and Research) for 2026.

ASCARME

Recognized by ASCA and RME; at RME, biofeedback is method no. 37.

Recommended by

"Dimitris brings a rare combination of scientific rigor, deep clinical thinking, and genuine care to his work. He approaches each case with exceptional depth and precision, using measurements in a highly individualized way and translating complex physiology into clear, clinically meaningful next steps. His work reflects a level of rigor, maturity, and personalization that is truly rare in clinical practice."
Dr. oec. Eva Otzen-Wehmeyer Director, Institute for Neurofeedback and Biofeedback AG (I‑NFBF)

Indications by level of evidence

The level of evidence for each indication is calculated from published randomized trials, by the same rule for every method. Established: at least two independent teams have shown a benefit over sham training. Good: one trial has shown a benefit over sham training, or two independent teams have shown one against another treatment or against a no-training group (waiting list or usual care). Promising: one randomized trial has shown a benefit over its comparison group. The codes in parentheses are ICD-11 codes.

Frequency-band neurofeedback trains the amplitude of an EEG rhythm: the sensorimotor rhythm (SMR, 12 to 15 Hz), alpha (8 to 12 Hz) or the ratio of theta to beta. Slow cortical potentials are shifts in the electrical potential of the cortex lasting a few hundred milliseconds up to a few seconds. Low-frequency neurofeedback trains the slowest fluctuations of the EEG, below about 0.1 Hz. In qEEG-guided neurofeedback (quantitative EEG), I choose the rhythm and the site from a whole-head recording compared with a normative database. In biofeedback, I measure heart rate variability (HRV biofeedback, with slow breathing at the rate that gives the largest swing in pulse), surface muscle activity (muscle or EMG biofeedback), the skin temperature of the fingers (thermal biofeedback) or skin conductance (skin-conductance biofeedback).

Established evidence

Mood and anxiety

(MB24). Frequency-band neurofeedback: established against sham training (Wang et al., 2013; Yu et al., 2020). HRV biofeedback: good against sham training (Ducharme et al., 2021), and promising against another treatment for irritability after mild traumatic brain injury (Lu et al., 2023).

In a study of people from a university community with elevated anxiety, self-reported anxiety on the General Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) fell by an average of 5.7 points with alpha-theta neurofeedback combined with guided imagery, versus 0.3 points in the control group receiving a placebo version of the training with prerecorded sounds, at the end of training. Study

In a study of 30 university students with depressive symptoms, mean self-reported depression severity on the Chinese beck depression inventory-II (BDI-II) fell at the end of training by 8.1 points with frequency-band neurofeedback and 3.5 points in the control group receiving brainwave measurement without feedback and an auditory signal-detecting task. Study

In a study of 49 adults with mild traumatic brain injury, mean self-reported Checklist of Post-concussion Symptoms (CPCS) scores fell after treatment by 13 points with combined diaphragmatic breathing, paced breathing and heart-rate-variability biofeedback alongside standard medical care, versus 0.5 points in the control group receiving standard medical care and post-brain injury psychoeducation. Study

In a study of 60 female nursing students, mean self-reported State Anxiety Scale from the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scores five weeks after the initial survey fell by 4.9 points with heart-rate-variability biofeedback using slower breathing and positive emotions. Scores rose by 2.6 points in the control group receiving no training or device. Study

Attention, concentration and memory

(MB21). Frequency-band neurofeedback: established against sham training (Lee et al., 2015), and established for memory (Guez et al., 2015; Tseng et al., 2021; Rozengurt et al., 2023). Difficulty concentrating (MB21.A): low-frequency neurofeedback promising against a no-training group (Carlson et al., 2025); frequency-band neurofeedback promising against another treatment (Keith et al., 2015).

In a study of 87 patients with traumatic brain injury and cognitive impairment, community integration scores on the Community Integration Questionnaire-revised (CIQ-R) rose by 6.9 points with z-score neurofeedback alongside existing medication, versus 0.1 points in the control group receiving usual care, including clinic visits and medication, immediately after treatment. Study

In a study of 25 stroke patients with hemiplegia and reduced cognitive function, both groups received rehabilitation/general exercise. After training, mean dual-task walking velocity on the 10-m walk test, assessed by a therapist blind to group assignment, rose 3 m/min with added frequency-band neurofeedback and fell 1 m/min in the control group receiving a placebo version of the training. Study

Mental and behavioral symptoms

(MB20-MB2Y), the ICD-11 group that brings mood, anxiety, attention and memory together with impulsivity, aggression and eating behavior. Frequency-band neurofeedback: established against sham training (Wang et al., 2013; Lee et al., 2015; Dashbozorgi et al., 2021). Low-frequency neurofeedback: established against sham training (Annaheim et al., 2022; Esmaeilzadeh Kanafgourabi et al., 2025). HRV biofeedback: good against sham training (Ducharme et al., 2021). Slow cortical potentials: good against sham training (Corominas-Roso et al., 2020).

Cerebrovascular disease, including the aftereffects of stroke

(8B00-8B2Z, 8B25). Muscle biofeedback (surface EMG): established against sham training (Crow et al., 1989; Armagan et al., 2003; Lirio-Romero et al., 2021). Frequency-band neurofeedback: good against sham training (He et al., 2025) and against another treatment (Ang et al., 2009; Lu et al., 2025).

In a study of 101 first-ever ischaemic stroke patients without voluntary finger extension, mean Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) scores, assessed by blinded trained observers, rose from baseline by 15.2 points with muscle biofeedback combined with electromyography-triggered neuromuscular stimulation versus 14.9 points in the control group receiving usual care, at 26 weeks after stroke. Study

In a study of 60 stroke survivors with unilateral limb paralysis, mean upper limb Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA) scores from patient records rose by 22 points with muscle biofeedback plus neuromuscular electrical stimulation and conventional rehabilitation, versus 15 points in the control group receiving conventional rehabilitation alone, eight weeks after treatment. Study

Good evidence

ADHD and neurodevelopmental disorders

(6A05, 6A00-6A0Z). ADHD: frequency-band neurofeedback (theta/beta, SMR) good against sham training (Geladé et al., 2017; Moreno-García et al., 2019; Ning and Wang, 2021; Rahmani et al., 2022; Roy et al., 2022; Kwon et al., 2024), including in children who also have a coordination disorder (Norouzi et al., 2018); slow cortical potentials (Gevensleben et al., 2014; Strehl et al., 2017), qEEG-guided neurofeedback (Bazanova et al., 2018) and skin-conductance biofeedback (Salomone et al., 2015) promising against another treatment. For neurodevelopmental disorders as a whole, the evidence is good for frequency-band neurofeedback (Dashbozorgi et al., 2021; Kwon et al., 2024; Kang et al., 2026) and for qEEG-guided neurofeedback (Bazanova et al., 2018) against sham training, and for slow cortical potentials (Leins et al., 2007; Liechti et al., 2012; Konicar et al., 2021) and skin-conductance biofeedback (O'Connell et al., 2008; Kouijzer et al., 2013) against another treatment. The evidence is promising for muscle biofeedback against another treatment (Barth et al., 2017).

In a study of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, mothers rated their children's symptoms using the Short and Revised Questionnaire of Conner's Rating Scale for Parents (CPRS). Mean scores fell by 22 points with frequency-band neurofeedback and did not change in the control group receiving no neurofeedback, one or several days after training. Study

In a study of 112 children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, mean parent-rated total symptom scores on the Parent and Teacher Rating Scale-IV (ADHD-RS-IV) fell by 26 points at week 12 with combined neurofeedback and vitamin D3, compared with 1.1 points in the control group receiving no treatment. Study

Autism

(6A02). Frequency-band neurofeedback: good against sham training (Kang et al., 2026). Low-frequency neurofeedback: good against sham training for impulse control in autistic adolescents (Esmaeilzadeh Kanafgourabi et al., 2025). Slow cortical potentials: good against another treatment, for neurodevelopmental disorders as a whole (Konicar et al., 2021).

In a study of 86 children with high-functioning autism, mean autism symptom scores on the Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC) fell by 40 points with frequency-band neurofeedback plus learning style profile training, compared with 19 points in the control group receiving learning style profile training, at treatment end. Study

In a study of 41 adolescent boys with autism, parent- or guardian-rated Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) scores for social communication and interaction difficulties fell by a 21 points with slow cortical potential neurofeedback and 14 points in the control group receiving usual clinical counselling, from before training to its end. Study

In a study of children with autism, mean Speech/Language Communication scores on the Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC) fell by 4 points with frequency-band neurofeedback at study completion. Scores did not change in the control group, which was offered neurofeedback after the comparison period. Study

Headache

(8A80-8A8Z). Tension-type headache (8A81): muscle biofeedback good against another treatment (Bruhn et al., 1979; Reich, 1989; Arena et al., 1995); skin-conductance biofeedback promising against another treatment (Collet et al., 1986). Primary headaches: frequency-band neurofeedback promising against another treatment (Moshkani Farahani et al., 2014). Post-traumatic headache: low-frequency neurofeedback promising against a no-training group (Carlson et al., 2025). Migraine (8A80): thermal biofeedback promising against a no-training group (Blanchard et al., 1991).

In a study of 375 adults with mixed migraine and muscle contraction headache, the patient-rated average weekly headache index fell by 6 points with combined electromyographic and temperature regulation biofeedback plus propranolol and amitriptyline, versus 1.5 points in the control group receiving ergotamine and analgesics. These changes compare pretreatment with averages during treatment months four to six. Study

In a study of 31 patients with tension headaches, patients rated headache intensity in a daily headache log. By the end of treatment, mean headache intensity fell by 1.1 points with skin-conductance biofeedback and by 0.3 points in the control group receiving Schultz relaxation. Study

In a study of 22 women with migraine, headache intensity was recorded daily by patients using the headache form. At follow-up, mean five-week totals fell by 109 points with thermal biofeedback and rose by 23 points in the control group waiting for treatment. Study

In a study of adults with migraine who initially responded to treatment, migraine resurgence over the year after treatment was 82% lower with combined electromyographic and thermal biofeedback, diaphragmatic breathing and systematic relaxation than in the control group given propranolol. Assessment used the Headache unit index (HUI), patients' daily headache records and adjudication by observers unaware of treatment assignments. Study

Pain

(MG30-MG3Z, MG20-MG4Y). Frequency-band neurofeedback: good against another treatment for pain (Kayiran et al., 2010; Jensen et al., 2014; Wu et al., 2021; Mussigmann et al., 2025), and for chronic primary pain as a group (Kayiran et al., 2010; Wu et al., 2021); promising against another treatment for fibromyalgia, or chronic widespread pain (Kayiran et al., 2010). Muscle biofeedback: good against another treatment for pain, including acute labor pain and pain during rehabilitation after knee replacement (Duchene, 1989; Wang et al., 2015). HRV biofeedback: good against another treatment for the group of general symptoms, which contains pain, in trials on chronic pain (Berry et al., 2014) and on menopausal symptoms after breast cancer (Dolgilevica et al., 2025). Promising against a no-training group: muscle biofeedback (Baumueller et al., 2017) and HRV biofeedback (Carta et al., 2024) in fibromyalgia, and frequency-band neurofeedback in pain after cancer treatment (Prinsloo et al., 2017).

In a study of 40 female outpatients with fibromyalgia, mean pain intensity on the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain fell by 7.3 points with frequency-band neurofeedback and by 4.4 points in the control group receiving escitalopram. This was measured four weeks after baseline, as neurofeedback ended and escitalopram treatment continued. Study

In a study of 64 children and teenagers with recurrent abdominal pain, participants reported pain elimination using the Child's Pain Diary (CPD), Visual Analog Scale (VAS). After treatment, this occurred in 72% receiving combined thermal biofeedback and dietary fibre programmes, with or without cognitive-behavioural interventions and parental support, versus 7% in the control group receiving dietary fibre only. Study

Back, neck and shoulder

(FA70-FB1Z, ME80-ME8Y, FB30-FB6Z). Muscle biofeedback: good against another treatment for spinal conditions (Hasenbring et al., 1999; Sardaru et al., 2018), for musculoskeletal pain of the back, neck and shoulders (Ma et al., 2011; Haines and Bowles, 2017) and for soft tissue disorders, including diastasis recti after childbirth (Ma et al., 2011; He et al., 2024). Muscle biofeedback: promising against another treatment in chronic low back pain (Donaldson et al., 1994) and rotator cuff pain (Dos Santos et al., 2025). HRV biofeedback: promising against a no-training group in stress-related neck pain (Hallman et al., 2011).

In a study of 30 patients with chronic low-back pain, mean patient-rated pain on the 0 to 10 pain scale was assessed at the end of the second treatment week. It fell by 1.3 points with the Comprehensive Pain and Rehabilitation Center programme plus muscle biofeedback and did not change in the control group receiving the programme alone. Study

In a study of 36 people with chronic low back pain, self-reported pain during movement on a visual analogue scale (VAS) fell by 62% with Single Motor Unit Biofeedback Training using muscle biofeedback, compared with 7% in the control group receiving back-pain education. Pain was assessed within seven days after treatment. Study

In a study of 24 patients with chronic lower back or neck pain, patients' pain on the follow-up questionnaire fell by an average of 68% with muscle biofeedback plus conventional medical treatment at the 2.5-year follow-up. The pooled control group receiving the same medical treatment, with or without a placebo version of the training, reported a 14% fall. Study

In a study of adults with subacromial pain syndrome, self-rated shoulder pain over the past 24 hours was measured with the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). At eight-week follow-up, mean ratings fell by 2.1 points with shoulder exercises combined with muscle biofeedback and by 1 point in the control group receiving shoulder exercises without muscle biofeedback. Study

Stress

(QD50-QF2Z, the group of factors influencing health status, which contains stress and burnout). Frequency-band neurofeedback: good against sham training (Lee et al., 2024).

Post-traumatic stress and stress-related disorders

(6B40-6B4Z). Frequency-band neurofeedback: good against sham training (Ros et al., 2017; Nicholson et al., 2020; Nicholson et al., 2023), and promising against a no-training group in chronic post-traumatic stress (van der Kolk et al., 2016). Low-frequency neurofeedback: good against sham training (Winkeler et al., 2022).

In a study of 40 people with post-traumatic stress disorder, mean scores on the clinician-administered post-traumatic stress disorder scale (CAPS) fell after training by 13 points with frequency-band neurofeedback and by 7.2 points in the control group receiving a placebo version of the training. Study

In a study of 26 adult refugees with chronic post-traumatic stress disorder, self-reported Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) symptom scores fell after treatment by an average of 0.9 points with frequency-band neurofeedback combined with trauma counselling, compared with 0.1 points in the control group receiving trauma counselling alone. Study

In a study of 22 adults with post-traumatic stress disorder, alpha-theta neurofeedback was combined with Mentalizing the Rooms of Mind psychotherapy. At week eight, the trained group had a mean Clinical Global Impression-Improvement Scale (CGI-I) rating 1.5 points lower than the waitlist control group, which continued usual treatment. Study

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

(6B20). qEEG-guided neurofeedback: good against sham training (Kopřivová et al., 2013). Frequency-band neurofeedback: promising against a no-training group (Deng et al., 2014).

In a study of 20 inpatients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, a trained psychiatrist rated compulsions using the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). At treatment end, scores fell by a median 56% with inpatient cognitive-behavioural therapy plus quantitative brainwave-guided neurofeedback, versus 21% in the control group receiving the same therapy plus a placebo version of the training. Study

In a study of 79 people with obsessive-compulsive disorder, both groups received sertraline and cognitive behavioural therapy. Completers' mean Chinese-version Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) ratings by a psychiatrist blind to treatment status fell by 14 points with added frequency-band neurofeedback versus 13 points in the control group at the end of week eight. Study

Impulsivity, aggression and agitation

(MB28.5, MB23, MB24.F). Frequency-band neurofeedback: good against sham training (Dashbozorgi et al., 2021; Li et al., 2024). Slow cortical potentials: good against sham training for impulsivity (Corominas-Roso et al., 2020).

In a study of 80 male inpatients with schizophrenia and impulsive behaviour, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale five-factor model (PANSS-5F) scores fell from baseline at week six by 16 points with risperidone plus frequency-band neurofeedback, compared with 6.4 points in the control group receiving risperidone plus a placebo version of the training. Study

Eating disorders

(6B80-6B8Z). Low-frequency neurofeedback: good against sham training for anorexia, bulimia and binge eating disorder (Winkeler et al., 2022). Frequency-band neurofeedback: promising against another treatment for anorexia (Lackner et al., 2016) and binge eating (Schmidt and Martin, 2016).

Addiction

(6C40-6C5Z). Frequency-band neurofeedback: good against sham training for nicotine dependence (Bu et al., 2019; Meng et al., 2023), and promising against a no-training group for stimulant dependence (Fadaei et al., 2025). HRV biofeedback: good against a no-training group, in trials on alcohol and methamphetamine use disorders (Teeravisutkul et al., 2019; Yen et al., 2022). Muscle biofeedback: good against sham training for cannabis use (Lamontagne et al., 1977).

In a study of 64 men with methamphetamine use disorder, heart-rate-variability biofeedback was combined with cognitive behavioural group psychotherapy. Immediately after treatment, mean participant-rated craving on the Visual Analog Craving Scale (VACS) fell 11 points with the combined treatment and rose 3.2 points in the control group receiving the same psychotherapy. Study

Knee, hip and joints

(FA00-FA5Z, NC90-NC9Z). Muscle biofeedback: good against another treatment for knee osteoarthritis (Choi et al., 2015; Raeissadat et al., 2018), for joint disorders, including juvenile arthritis, and for rehabilitation after hip replacement (Temfemo et al., 2008; Eid et al., 2016; Preece et al., 2026), and for rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (Draper, 1990; Draper and Ballard, 1991).

In a study of 30 older women with knee osteoarthritis, patients rated pain at rest using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). At the end of training, mean pain ratings fell by 1.9 cm with isometric exercise plus muscle biofeedback, compared with 0.4 cm in the control group receiving conventional physical therapy. Study

Parkinson's disease, involuntary movements and tics

(8A00-8A0Z). Frequency-band neurofeedback: good against sham training for balance in Parkinson's disease (Azarpaikan et al., 2014). Muscle biofeedback: good against sham training in tardive dyskinesia, with its involuntary movements of the mouth and tongue (Fudge et al., 1991). Slow cortical potentials: promising against another treatment for tics (Gevensleben et al., 2014).

Multiple sclerosis

(8A40-8A4Z). Muscle biofeedback: good against sham training (Miri et al., 2025).

In a study of 35 people with multiple sclerosis and knee pain, an evaluator aware of group assignment measured quadriceps strength using a dynamometer. At six weeks after baseline, strength rose 53% with muscle biofeedback, isometric exercise and moist heat, versus 21% in the control group receiving a placebo version of the training with the same exercise and heat. Study

Cranial and peripheral nerve disorders

(8B80-8C4Z). Muscle biofeedback: good against another treatment, to prevent synkinesis after facial palsy and for shoulder function after accessory nerve injury (Pourmomeny et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2022).

Swallowing disorders

(MD93). Muscle biofeedback: good against a no-training group in dysphagia after stroke (Nordio et al., 2022; Alyanak et al., 2025).

In a study of 34 adults with swallowing difficulties after stroke, blinded researcher ratings on the Penetration Aspiration Scale (PAS) for semisolid foods fell by a median 1.5 points immediately after combined game-based muscle biofeedback, swallowing and oral exercises and thermal-tactile stimulation. Ratings did not change in the control group receiving the same exercises and stimulation with verbal feedback. Study

Epilepsy

(8A60-8A6Z). Skin-conductance biofeedback: good against sham training for seizure frequency in drug-resistant epilepsy (Nagai et al., 2004).

Depersonalization and derealization

(6B66). Skin-conductance biofeedback: good against sham training (Schoenberg et al., 2012).

Diseases of the lower respiratory tract, including asthma

(CA20-CA2Z). HRV biofeedback: good against sham training (Lehrer et al., 2004). Muscle biofeedback: good against sham training (Kotses et al., 1978).

In a study of 36 children with severe, chronic asthma receiving medication, camp staff measured peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) with a Wright Peak Flow Meter. Mean breakfast PEFR rose by more than 10 L/min from the pretraining week to the final training week in 75% receiving muscle biofeedback versus 33% in the control group receiving a placebo version of the training. Study

Heart and blood pressure

(BA81-BA8Z, BD10-BD1Z, BA00-BA04). HRV biofeedback: good against another treatment in coronary artery disease (Yu et al., 2018; Shah et al., 2025); promising against another treatment in heart failure (Swanson et al., 2009) and hypertension (Alabdulgader, 2012). Skin-conductance biofeedback: promising against another treatment in hypertension (Patel et al., 1981).

In a study of 31 outpatients with essential hypertension, independent physicians in the hypertension clinic measured systolic blood pressure by sphygmomanometer. At follow-up, mean pressure fell by 17 mm Hg with blood-pressure biofeedback plus home blood-pressure self-monitoring, and rose by 3 mm Hg in the control group receiving home self-monitoring and clinic visits without biofeedback. Study

Raynaud's phenomenon

(BD42). Thermal biofeedback: good against another treatment (Freedman and Ianni, 1983; Freedman et al., 1988), and promising against a no-training group in secondary Raynaud's (Sporbeck et al., 2012).

Functional digestive disorders

(DD90-DD9Z, MD80-ME1Y). Muscle biofeedback: good against sham training for abdominal distension (Barba et al., 2017), and good against another treatment for functional dyspepsia and rumination syndrome (Schurman et al., 2010; Barba et al., 2016). HRV biofeedback: promising against another treatment in irritable bowel syndrome (Dobbin et al., 2013). Thermal biofeedback: promising against another treatment for chemotherapy-induced nausea (Burish and Jenkins, 1992).

In a study of 97 women with persistent irritable bowel syndrome, mean patient-reported Hospital Anxiety and Depression Score (HADS) totals at 24 weeks after treatment had fallen by 4.9 points with heart-rate-variability biofeedback plus conventional care versus 1.8 points in the control group receiving gut-directed hypnotherapy plus conventional care. Study

Promising evidence

Anxiety disorders

(6B00-6B0Z). Frequency-band neurofeedback and qEEG-guided neurofeedback: promising against a no-training group (Abdian et al., 2021). Muscle biofeedback: promising against a no-training group (Lavallée et al., 1977).

In a study of 30 college students with generalised anxiety disorder, mean emotion regulation scores on the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) rose by 16 points with frequency-band neurofeedback and quantitative brainwave-guided neurofeedback at the end of training, compared with a fall of 3.4 points in the control group receiving no intervention. Study

Depression

(6A70-6A7Z). Frequency-band neurofeedback on the alpha rhythm: promising against another treatment (Choi et al., 2011). HRV biofeedback: promising against a no-training group (Maynart et al., 2021).

In a study of 84 adults with major depression, self-reported depression severity on the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) fell by an average of 18 points with z-score neurofeedback plus usual medical treatment, compared with 4.5 points in the control group receiving usual medical treatment alone at follow-up. Study

Insomnia

(7A00-7A0Z). Low-frequency neurofeedback: promising against a no-training group (Carlson et al., 2025).

In a study of 87 veterans with mild traumatic brain injury, participant-reported insomnia severity on the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) fell on average by 12 points with low-frequency neurofeedback plus health education, versus 1.4 points in the control group receiving health-topic phone calls. Both groups continued usual care; assessment was at treatment end. Study

Cerebral palsy

(8D20-8D2Z). Frequency-band neurofeedback: promising against sham training (Alves-Pinto et al., 2017). Muscle biofeedback: promising against a no-training group (Kasiri et al., 2025).

In a study of 66 children with spastic cerebral palsy, mean Modified Ashworth scale (MAS) ratings of calf muscle spasticity fell by 2.2 points with muscle biofeedback combined with task-oriented training, electrical stimulation and conventional rehabilitation, versus 1.1 points in the control group receiving conventional rehabilitation, at the end of treatment. Study

Spinal cord injury

(ND51). Muscle biofeedback: promising against a no-training group (Govil and Noohu, 2013).

In a study of 30 adults with incomplete spinal cord injury, walking velocity was measured using a paper walkway and digital stopwatch. At the end of treatment, mean walking velocity rose by 0.2 m/sec with muscle biofeedback plus traditional rehabilitation and gait training, versus 0.01 m/sec in the control group receiving rehabilitation and gait training alone. Study

Schizophrenia

(6A20). Skin-conductance biofeedback: promising against a no-training group (Markiewicz and Dobrowolska, 2021).

Dyslexia

(6A03.0). qEEG-guided neurofeedback: promising against a no-training group (Breteler et al., 2010).

Dyshidrotic eczema of the hands and feet

(EA85). Skin-conductance biofeedback: promising against another treatment (Miller and Coger, 1979).

Overweight and obesity

(5B80-5B81). Skin-conductance biofeedback: promising against another treatment (Shuger et al., 2011; Stasinaki et al., 2021).

Gastroesophageal reflux

(DA22). Muscle biofeedback: promising against another treatment (Sun et al., 2016).

Motion sickness

(NF08.3). Frequency-band neurofeedback: promising against sham training (Zhu et al., 2026).

What your patients have usually done already

Patients referred to me have usually already had these tests or treatments:

  • Burnout and exhaustion: blood count, TSH, screening for sleep apnea and depression.
  • Anxiety and panic attacks: clinical examination, blood glucose, electrolytes, TSH and ECG; medication and caffeine intake reviewed.
  • Insomnia: screening for sleep apnea and restless legs, cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia.
  • Adult ADHD and ADHD and attention in children: diagnosis made by a psychiatrist, a pediatrician or a specialized psychologist; in children, vision, hearing and sleep checked.
  • Autism in children and adolescents: diagnosis made by a child psychiatrist or a specialist clinic.
  • Migraine and headaches: red flags ruled out, screening for medication-overuse headache.
  • Chronic pain: red flags ruled out, follow-up by a physiotherapist or a dentist depending on where the pain is.
  • Tinnitus: ENT examination and audiogram. Training then works on the sleep, muscle tension and mood that come with tinnitus; the results that apply are those above for insomnia, tension-type headache, and mood and anxiety.

At the first consultation, I start from these results. Depending on the complaint, I record the brain's electrical activity, the pulse or muscle tension, then choose the method based on those measurements and on the level of evidence above.

Refer a patient

Your patient books online, or you write to me at dimitris@messinis.ch.

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References (146)
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